托福 托福 10 - Chinese Pottery
题目
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
13.Look at the four squares▆ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where could the sentence best fit?
Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring..
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阅读原文 中文译文

China has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.

The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.

The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.

Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.

From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.

尽管中国曾饱受入侵,偶尔丧失主权受制于外国,她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。像中国一个拥有悠久文明的大国,而陶瓷在其复杂的社会历史以及视觉历史中扮演了极为重要的角色。 在中国,每一个朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的,所以,根据它们的质量和制作年代的不同,可以是实用器物、陪葬品、贸易收藏品,甚至是礼器。对于容器、瓦片等建筑材料、模仿的物体或人物,陶瓷广义上被分为3大类:陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外,瓷器中还有很重要的一类就是宗教用途的雕塑,它们多数是陶质的。 尽管最早的陶瓷是在制陶的温度下烧制的,但是早在公元前15世纪,就已经出现了上釉的高温炻器。六朝时期(公元265-589年),中国北方就有窑炉在烧制优质的高温瓷器。从7世纪到10世纪,河北以及河南省产的白瓷逐渐演变成为享有盛名的宋瓷(公元960-1279年)——长久以来被认为是中国陶瓷业历史中的巅峰时期之一。宗教雕塑的传统在大部分历史时期中都有延续,但是没有炻器和瓷器质地的雕塑描绘的那么清晰,有一种古老的习俗,就是将刻着新的宗教形象和建筑装饰的陶器作为陪葬品。瓷制品还包括汉朝的铅釉随葬陶俑,唐朝的三彩铅釉器皿和人物,明朝的以泥釉凸纹展现轮廓的三彩寺庙装饰物以及很多用来仿制贵重器皿的陪葬瓷器。 西方国家和繁荣稳定的历代中国朝代之间的贸易促使双方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技术。有一个意义最为深远的例子,公元9世纪精美中国瓷器出口到阿拉伯世界,带来巨大的影响。阿拉伯人对这些瓷器赞不绝口,于是他们鼓励制陶来仿制瓷器,并激励人们研究制作方法。中国人从中东获得了一种蓝色颜料——一种纯化的氧化钴,当时在中国并未出现,其中只含有少量的锰。中国境内发现的钴矿石含有大量的会产生暗蓝灰色的锰元素。17世纪,大量中国装饰类瓷器通过荷兰东印度公司的交易活动流入欧洲,这刺激和影响了广泛多样的瓷器的生产,特别是代尔夫特。中国人自己改良了很多种来自西方的特殊器皿,比如长嘴的瓶子,并专门为欧洲市场设计了一系列装饰性图案。 就像希腊的陶器上所绘的图案,今天看来也许纯粹是为了装饰,然而事实上在当时它们都是人们精心烧制而成的,它们的意义在当时非常明确,中国的瓷器也是如此。以20世纪的眼光来看,中国制造的陶瓷也许仅仅是装饰品,但是对于中国人来说每个物件的形状及它的装饰都有寓意非凡,影响深远。龙代表皇帝,凤代表皇后;石榴意味着多子,双鱼意味着幸福;鸳鸯寓意着婚姻幸福美满;松树、桃树以及鹤都是长寿的象征;鱼跃出水面意味着科举考试会高中。但是欧洲的装饰主题被引进后,这些寓意就变得不再那么流行甚至丢失了。 陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用于宗教和日常生活中。朝廷分派了制作工作,并于元朝(公元1279-1368年)在景德镇设立了一座官窑。陶瓷器皿在一些宗教仪式上也有着重要的地位。现存的关于不同类型的陶瓷器具很多长篇且抒情的描述可以帮助我们对其进行分类,尽管这些描述有时候会使得一幅大而复杂的画面显得凌乱。 代尔夫特陶器(荷兰产,通常是青色、白色)

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最新提问
  • wx_6697
    觉得B C 意思一样,不知道选哪个
  • wx_5576
    这道题C为什么对,E为什么不对?
  • wx_5576
    B为什么不能选啊?
  • wx_6697
    TPO30 passage 2 Q5我选的 D,不明白为啥不对?
  • wx_6697
    鑫哥,TPO6passage3Q5 答案是给错了吗?好多人都选A
  • wx_6697
    这题也很容易选错选成了D
  • wx_6697
    这道题A为什么错了
  • 芊儿
    为什么这道题不选c??a中的variety不是应该对应文中的differentiating 吗??求解!
  • wx_1000
    这道题不选E是因为太细节了吗
  • 王金阁
    这个题为什么不选C啊。。。
  • 芊儿
    这道题的D选项不是和文中的better able to reproduce in open settings相对应么??
  • 风荨火
    有大佬解释一下这个为啥选D嘛?
  • 以沫
    请问这个D 在哪里提现?为什么D错?
  • 芊儿
    第六题 的C选择为什么不对,感觉A是明显驳斥啊...
  • wx_6697
    鑫哥,这道题D是从哪里看出来的
  • wx_6697
    这题选的A,根据是Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.想问鑫哥为啥不选A
  • wx_6697
    这题我选的是C依据是into a new habitat outside of its natural range, it may adapt to the new environment and leave its enemies behind.C为啥错了呢?鑫哥
  • wx_8861
    F选项的weather-related destruction在哪里体现了呢?原文最后一段的开头Among the costs里的costs是不是打错了?应该是coast?
  • wx_6697
    求问这道题B为啥不选,原文依据:viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.
  • 与托福的斗争史
    与托福的斗争史 去解答 去解答
    这题为什么选C?
  • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
    小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
    B哪里错了
  • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
    小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
    B为啥不对
  • 李浩然
    B选项错误,是因为残缺么?
  • wx_100
    请问在做题的时候如何排除c呢。看了答案,感觉是该选a的,但是当时做题脑子一热,就特别钟爱c,也没看其他选项。。求敲醒。。
  • wx xxxxx
    请问鑫哥,这段开头有写As one pesticide replaces another为什么不是对应a new pesticide is developed?
  • wx_7695
    鑫哥,从哪里看出来这个masks 不是use呀,原文说了wear呀
  • haiyuqiao
    @鑫哥,这题the damage will continue 不应该对应前面的 the target species evolves resistance to it,然后As one pesticide replaces another,不应该是结束了time cycle 吗
  • wx_2065
    鑫哥,想知道E错在哪里?
  • wx_7695
    鑫哥,B选项 cannot extended to earlier geological periods. 原文说的意思是后来的进化无法估计吧
  • wx_2163
    B为什么不选
  • wx_7780
    鑫哥,这个哪里看不use了。BD是修饰错,C是无中生有,怎么能直接选出A?
  • 100
    看到第一句话,以为是中心句就选了A... 为什么不能选A呢
  • 100
    为什么选b?
  • gu33
    请问下 这里选D的原因是 因为 evolutionary approach 对应着 原文的 Rates of evolution 嘛? 这里我选了C。。不是很懂 插入句和 D的关系 求解答
  • 我是啦啦啦
    我是啦啦啦 去解答 去解答
    这个题A哪里错了?是因为主语不对吗?这个C比A多一步推理啊
  • haiyuqiao
    鑫哥,D选项里的19世纪出现了很多假设,原文中并没有提到啊
  • wx_7060
    为什么选a 呢。我觉得a是细节。F哪错了?
  • wx_1105
    我想问一下,这道题为什么不能选A呢?
  • wx_8122
    D为什么不选
  • wx_1655
    f选项哪里说了
  • chaulaw
    鑫哥,原文是below经济损害水平,D是一触发经济损害就用,这也对吗?
  • chaulaw
    interclan婚姻是对的吗?不是只在自己的family结婚扩大家族吗?
  • wx_6697
    鑫哥,这道题答案是不是错了,好多人选D 我也选的D求解答
  • wx_6697
    这道题应该是一道易错题,每个选项的都有,然而我选的A错了,求解
  • wx_6697
    鑫哥,这题的C是怎么得到的?B也没有找到啊?难道不是应该选B
  • wx_6697
    鑫哥,还有这个,好多人选A答案是不是错了
  • wx_6697
    求问D是从哪里得出来的,我选的B呀哎呀
  • wx_4185
    it is difficult to say how far they were intended to be portraits rather than generalized images 这句话怎么理解呢
  • 此楠楠
    请问下这个插入题怎么选的呢?
  • 此楠楠
    求鑫哥讲解下A选项。。。 Even though in error, Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.