托福 托福 06 - Powering the Industrial Revolution
题目
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3.The word “exploited” in the passage is closest in meaning to
  • A.utilized
  • B.recognized
  • C.examined
  • D.fully understood
  • 正确答案:
    答案解析:
    答题统计
    答题统计

    登录 后才可以查看答案解析,还没有账号?

    还没有账号?马上 注册 >>

    阅读原文 中文译文

    In Britain one of the most dramatic changes of the Industrial Revolution was the harnessing of power. Until the reign of George Ⅲ(1760-1820), available sources of power for work and travel had not increased since the Middle Ages. There were three sources of power: animal or human muscles; the wind, operating on sail or windmill; and running water. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Furthermore, even the most reliable waterpower varied with the seasons and disappeared in a drought. The new age of machinery, in short, could not have been born without a new source of both movable and constant power.

    The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transformed an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.

    Watt's steam engine soon showed what it could do. It liberated industry from dependence on running water. The engine eliminated water in the mines by driving efficient pumps, which made possible deeper and deeper mining. The ready availability of coal inspired William Murdoch during the 1790s to develop the first new form of nighttime illumination to be discovered in a millennium and a half. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets. Iron manufacturers, which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal, also benefited from ever-increasing supplies of coal: blast furnaces with steam-powered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery. Steam became the motive force of the Industrial Revolution as coal and iron ore were the raw materials.

    By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it also multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a transportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ingredients for it lay close at hand. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining these ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.

    在英国,工业革命带来的最大的变化之一就是动力的运用。从中世纪到乔治三世统治时期,用于劳作及行驶的动力一直没有得到发展。当时的驱动力仅限于三种:动物或人力;风力,用于航行或者风车;流水产生的动力。其中只有水力可以用于支持持续运转的机器,尽管在当时的兰开夏和苏格兰地区水力资源极其丰富,被用于谷物作坊和纺织厂,但这种动力存在一个极大的缺陷:水的流向是由自然因素决定的,因此,不论适不适合工厂选址,利用水利生产的工厂都必须建造在能够提供水资源动力的岸边。再者,即便是最可靠的水资源也会受到季节变化和因干旱而枯竭的影响。总之,没有可持续提供动力并且可移动的能源就没有新机械化时代的产生。 一直以来,人们很早就了解这种能源,不过没能成功开发。在18世纪早期,泵曾被用于在气缸中使蒸汽推动活塞,气缸内部的蒸汽被压缩形成真空环境,大气压又使得活塞下降,这一由托马斯•赛佛瑞发明并由他的同伴托马斯•纽科门对其进行改良的“大气引擎”,被赋予了革命性的工作原理。但其效率低下且浪费燃料,无法在煤矿以外的地区使用,这与最初的设计期望背道而驰。18世纪60年代,詹姆士•瓦特完善了分离的蒸汽冷凝器,因此不必每次活塞运动后都要冷却气缸;随后,他又发明了一种新的方法,使得活塞可以旋转运动,即从原来的往复运动演变成为循环运动,原本效率低下运用范围有限的活塞式结构从此演变成为得到广泛运用的蒸汽模式。最终,蒸汽被运用于汽缸中将活塞推回,从而加快了机器的运转速度并降低了能源消耗。 瓦特发明的蒸汽机很快地施展了拳脚,把依赖水源的工业解放了出来。通过驱动高效率的泵,引擎可将矿井中的水排出,矿井就能挖掘得更深。煤的便利使用激发了威廉•默多克在18世纪90年代发明了1 500年以来首例夜间照明设备。。新世纪伊始,煤气灯在与冒烟的油灯和忽闪的蜡烛的比较中尽占优势,经济富裕的伦敦人也开始习惯了煤气作家用照明甚至街道照明。依赖于木炭供应的铁匠们急需燃料,他们也受益于越来越多的煤炭供应。配备有蒸汽动力的鼓风炉使得越来越多的钢铁供应成为可能。蒸汽成为了工业革命中的主要动力,当时的煤矿和铁矿成为了是工业的主要原材料。 19世纪时,英国已经拥有上千台蒸汽发动机,直到19世纪30年代以前,英国在蒸汽机的生产方面一直处于实质性垄断地位。蒸汽机不仅可以用于织布、炼铁,19世纪早期,蒸汽机的使用同样大大提高了造纸的效率,蒸汽动力生产的产量是一个工人一天产量的10倍。那时,第一个利用蒸汽发动的印刷机的印刷厂1小时就能完成1 000页的印量,而手动印刷机只能完成30页的工作量。。蒸汽动力还实现了运河及收费公路无法完全解决的运输问题。货船的确可以负荷重物,但人们无法利用运河在多山的区域实现运输,虽然利用公路可以穿实现在多山区域的运输,但路面的承载能力有限。这些问题都需要其他解决方法,解决问题所需要的条件其实唾手可得。在一些工业地区,四轮马车用于承载重物,它们配备有带凸的车轮,通过马力拉车在铁轨上行驶;静止的蒸汽发动机广泛运用于工厂和矿井之中。直到过了一代,另一批发明家们才将这些条件成功地组合在一起,给车轮配备上蒸汽动力,让轮子在铁路上运转,利用机器替代了原有的马。这就是铁路时代从18世纪既有条件发展起来的过程。

    留言区中有很多我们对问题的解答喔, 登录后可以查看

    还没有账号?马上 注册 >>

    最新提问
    • wx_6697
      觉得B C 意思一样,不知道选哪个
    • wx_5576
      这道题C为什么对,E为什么不对?
    • wx_5576
      B为什么不能选啊?
    • wx_6697
      TPO30 passage 2 Q5我选的 D,不明白为啥不对?
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,TPO6passage3Q5 答案是给错了吗?好多人都选A
    • wx_6697
      这题也很容易选错选成了D
    • wx_6697
      这道题A为什么错了
    • 芊儿
      为什么这道题不选c??a中的variety不是应该对应文中的differentiating 吗??求解!
    • wx_1000
      这道题不选E是因为太细节了吗
    • 王金阁
      这个题为什么不选C啊。。。
    • 芊儿
      这道题的D选项不是和文中的better able to reproduce in open settings相对应么??
    • 风荨火
      有大佬解释一下这个为啥选D嘛?
    • 以沫
      请问这个D 在哪里提现?为什么D错?
    • 芊儿
      第六题 的C选择为什么不对,感觉A是明显驳斥啊...
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这道题D是从哪里看出来的
    • wx_6697
      这题选的A,根据是Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.想问鑫哥为啥不选A
    • wx_6697
      这题我选的是C依据是into a new habitat outside of its natural range, it may adapt to the new environment and leave its enemies behind.C为啥错了呢?鑫哥
    • wx_8861
      F选项的weather-related destruction在哪里体现了呢?原文最后一段的开头Among the costs里的costs是不是打错了?应该是coast?
    • wx_6697
      求问这道题B为啥不选,原文依据:viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.
    • 与托福的斗争史
      与托福的斗争史 去解答 去解答
      这题为什么选C?
    • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
      小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
      B哪里错了
    • 小雨淅沥哗啦的下
      小雨淅沥哗啦的下 去解答 去解答
      B为啥不对
    • 李浩然
      B选项错误,是因为残缺么?
    • wx_100
      请问在做题的时候如何排除c呢。看了答案,感觉是该选a的,但是当时做题脑子一热,就特别钟爱c,也没看其他选项。。求敲醒。。
    • wx xxxxx
      请问鑫哥,这段开头有写As one pesticide replaces another为什么不是对应a new pesticide is developed?
    • wx_7695
      鑫哥,从哪里看出来这个masks 不是use呀,原文说了wear呀
    • haiyuqiao
      @鑫哥,这题the damage will continue 不应该对应前面的 the target species evolves resistance to it,然后As one pesticide replaces another,不应该是结束了time cycle 吗
    • wx_2065
      鑫哥,想知道E错在哪里?
    • wx_7695
      鑫哥,B选项 cannot extended to earlier geological periods. 原文说的意思是后来的进化无法估计吧
    • wx_2163
      B为什么不选
    • wx_7780
      鑫哥,这个哪里看不use了。BD是修饰错,C是无中生有,怎么能直接选出A?
    • 100
      看到第一句话,以为是中心句就选了A... 为什么不能选A呢
    • 100
      为什么选b?
    • gu33
      请问下 这里选D的原因是 因为 evolutionary approach 对应着 原文的 Rates of evolution 嘛? 这里我选了C。。不是很懂 插入句和 D的关系 求解答
    • 我是啦啦啦
      我是啦啦啦 去解答 去解答
      这个题A哪里错了?是因为主语不对吗?这个C比A多一步推理啊
    • haiyuqiao
      鑫哥,D选项里的19世纪出现了很多假设,原文中并没有提到啊
    • wx_7060
      为什么选a 呢。我觉得a是细节。F哪错了?
    • wx_1105
      我想问一下,这道题为什么不能选A呢?
    • wx_8122
      D为什么不选
    • wx_1655
      f选项哪里说了
    • chaulaw
      鑫哥,原文是below经济损害水平,D是一触发经济损害就用,这也对吗?
    • chaulaw
      interclan婚姻是对的吗?不是只在自己的family结婚扩大家族吗?
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这道题答案是不是错了,好多人选D 我也选的D求解答
    • wx_6697
      这道题应该是一道易错题,每个选项的都有,然而我选的A错了,求解
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,这题的C是怎么得到的?B也没有找到啊?难道不是应该选B
    • wx_6697
      鑫哥,还有这个,好多人选A答案是不是错了
    • wx_6697
      求问D是从哪里得出来的,我选的B呀哎呀
    • wx_4185
      it is difficult to say how far they were intended to be portraits rather than generalized images 这句话怎么理解呢
    • 此楠楠
      请问下这个插入题怎么选的呢?
    • 此楠楠
      求鑫哥讲解下A选项。。。 Even though in error, Joly’s calculations clearly supported those geologists who insisted on an age for Earth far in excess of a few million years.